Dieser Artikel enthält viele praktische Beispiele für die am häufigsten unter Linux / UNIX verwendeten Befehle.
Erstellen eines Tar-Archives
tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/
Dateien aus einem bestehenden Tar-Archiv extrahieren
tar xvf archive_name.tar
Ein bestehendes Tar-Archiv ansehen
tar tvf archive_name.tar
Suche nach einem vorgegebenen String in einer Datei (case in-sensitive search).
grep -i “the” demo_file
Die gefundene Zeile + 3 Zeilen danach ausgeben
grep -A 3 -i “example” demo_text
Suche nach einem String in allen Dateien recursive
grep -r “ramesh” *
Find files using file-name ( case in-sensitve find)
# find -iname “MyCProgram.c”
Execute commands on files found by the find command
find -iname “MyCProgram.c” -exec md5sum {} \;
Find all empty files in home directory
find ~ -empty
Login to remote host
ssh -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Debug ssh client
ssh -v -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Display ssh client version
ssh -V OpenSSH_3.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003
When you copy a DOS file to Unix, you could find \r\n in the end of each line. This example converts the DOS file format to Unix file format using sed command.
sed ’s/.$//' filename
Print file content in reverse order
sed -n ‘1!G;h;$p’ thegeekstuff.txt
Add line number for all non-empty-lines in a file
sed ‘/./=’ thegeekstuff.txt | sed ‘N; s/\n/ /’
Remove duplicate lines using awk
awk ‘!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }’ temp
Print all lines from /etc/passwd that has the same uid and gid
$awk -F ‘:’ ‘$3==$4’ passwd.txt
Print only specific field from a file.
awk ‘{print $2,$5;}’ employee.txt
Go to the 143rd line of file
vim +143 filename.txt
Go to the first match of the specified
vim +/search-term filename.txt
Open the file in read only mode.
vim -R /etc/passwd
Ignore white space while comparing.
diff -w name_list.txt name_list_new.txt 2c2,3 < John Doe — > John M Doe
Jason Bourne
Sort a file in ascending order
sort names.txt
Sort a file in descending order
sort -r names.txt
Sort passwd file by 3rd field.
sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more
To view oracle related environment variables.
export | grep ORACLE declare -x ORACLE_BASE="/u01/app/oracle" declare -x ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0" declare -x ORACLE_SID=“med” declare -x ORACLE_TERM=“xterm”
To export an environment variable:
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0
Copy all images to external hard-drive
ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-hard-drive/directory
Search all jpg images in the system and archive it.
find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf images.tar.gz
Download all the URLs mentioned in the url-list.txt file
cat url-list.txt | xargs wget –c
Display filesize in human readable format (e.g. KB, MB etc.,)
ls -lh -rw-r—– 1 ramesh team-dev 8.9M Jun 12 15:27 arch-linux.txt.gz
Order Files Based on Last Modified Time (In Reverse Order) Using ls -ltr
ls -ltr
Visual Classification of Files With Special Characters Using ls -F
ls -F
pwd is Print working directory. What else can be said about the good old pwd who has been printing the current directory name for ages.
Use “cd -” to toggle between the last two directories
Use “shopt -s cdspell” to automatically correct mistyped directory names on cd
To create a *.gz compressed file:
gzip test.txt
To uncompress a *.gz file:
gzip -d test.txt.gz
Display compression ratio of the compressed file using gzip -l
gzip -l *.gz compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name 23709 97975 75.8% asp-patch-rpms.txt
To create a *.bz2 compressed file:
bzip2 test.txt
To uncompress a *.bz2 file:
bzip2 -d test.txt.bz2
To extract a *.zip compressed file:
unzip test.zip
View the contents of *.zip file (Without unzipping it):
unzip -l jasper.zip Archive: jasper.zip Length Date Time Name
40995 11-30-98 23:50 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
32169 08-25-98 21:07 classes\_
15964 08-25-98 21:07 classes\_names
10542 08-25-98 21:07 classes\_ncomp
Shutdown the system and turn the power off immediately.
shutdown -h now
Shutdown the system after 10 minutes.
shutdown -h +10
Reboot the system using shutdown command.
shutdown -r now
Force the filesystem check during reboot.
shutdown -Fr now
Both ftp and secure ftp (sftp) has similar commands. To connect to a remote server and download multiple files, do the following.
ftp IP/hostname ftp> mget *.html
To view the file names located on the remote server before downloading, mls ftp command as shown below.
ftp> mls *.html - /ftptest/features.html /ftptest/index.html /ftptest/othertools.html /ftptest/samplereport.html /ftptest/usage.html
View crontab entry for a specific user
crontab -u john -l
Schedule a cron job every 10 minutes.
*/10 * * * * /home/ramesh/check-disk-space
Service command is used to run the system V init scripts. i.e Instead of calling the scripts located in the /etc/init.d/ directory with their full path, you can use the service command.
Check the status of a service:
service ssh status
Check the status of all the services.
service –status-all
Restart a service.
service ssh restart
ps command is used to display information about the processes that are running in the system.
While there are lot of arguments that could be passed to a ps command, following are some of the common ones.
To view current running processes.
ps -ef | more
To view current running processes in a tree structure. H option stands for process hierarchy.
ps -efH | more
This command is used to display the free, used, swap memory available in the system.
Typical free command output. The output is displayed in bytes.
free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3566408 1580220 1986188 0 203988 902960 -/+ buffers/cache: 473272 3093136 Swap: 4000176 0 4000176
If you want to quickly check how many GB of RAM your system has use the -g option. -b option displays in bytes, -k in kilo bytes, -m in mega bytes.
free -g total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3 1 1 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 0 2 Swap: 3 0 3
If you want to see a total memory ( including the swap), use the -t switch, which will display a total line as shown below.
free -t total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3566408 1592148 1974260 0 204260 912556 -/+ buffers/cache: 475332 3091076 Swap: 4000176 0 4000176 Total: 7566584 1592148 5974436
top command displays the top processes in the system ( by default sorted by cpu usage ). To sort top output by any column, Press O (upper-case O) , which will display all the possible columns that you can sort by as shown below.
Current Sort Field: P for window 1:Def Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return
a: PID = Process Id v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count d: UID = User Id y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function e: USER = User Name z: Flags = Task Flags ……..
To displays only the processes that belong to a particular user use -u option. The following will show only the top processes that belongs to oracle user.
top -u oracle
Displays the file system disk space usage. By default df -k displays output in bytes.
df -k Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 29530400 3233104 24797232 12% / /dev/sda2 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
df -h displays output in human readable form. i.e size will be displayed in GB’s.
df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 29G 3.1G 24G 12% / /dev/sda2 115G 48G 62G 44% /home
Use -T option to display what type of file system.
df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 ext4 29530400 3233120 24797216 12% / /dev/sda2 ext4 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
Use kill command to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps -ef command, then use kill -9 to kill the running Linux process as shown below. You can also use killall, pkill, xkill to terminate a unix process.
ps -ef | grep vim ramesh 7243 7222 9 22:43 pts/2 00:00:00 vim
kill -9 7243
Get confirmation before removing the file.
rm -i filename.txt
It is very useful while giving shell metacharacters in the file name argument.
Print the filename and get confirmation before removing the file.
rm -i file*
Following example recursively removes all files and directories under the example directory. This also removes the example directory itself.
rm -r example
Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp.
cp -p file1 file2
Copy file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.
cp -i file1 file2
Rename file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.
mv -i file1 file2
Note: mv -f is just the opposite, which will overwrite file2 without prompting.
mv -v will print what is happening during file rename, which is useful while specifying shell metacharacters in the file name argument.
mv -v file1 file2
You can view multiple files at the same time. Following example prints the content of file1 followed by file2 to stdout.
cat file1 file2
While displaying the file, following cat -n command will prepend the line number to each line of the output.
cat -n /etc/logrotate.conf 1 /var/log/btmp { 2 missingok 3 monthly 4 create 0660 root utmp 5 rotate 1 6 }
To mount a file system, you should first create a directory and mount it as shown below.
# mkdir /u01
You can also add this to the fstab for automatic mounting. i.e Anytime system is restarted, the filesystem will be mounted.
/dev/sdb1 /u01 ext2 defaults 0 2
chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.
Give full access to user and group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific file.
chmod ug+rwx file.txt
Revoke all access for the group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific file.
chmod g-rwx file.txt
Apply the file permissions recursively to all the files in the sub-directories.
chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt
chown command is used to change the owner and group of a file. \
To change owner to oracle and group to db on a file. i.e Change both owner and group at the same time.
chown oracle:dba dbora.sh
Use -R to change the ownership recursively.
chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle
Change your password from command line using passwd. This will prompt for the old password followed by the new password.
passwd
Super user can use passwd command to reset others password. This will not prompt for current password of the user.
passwd USERNAME
Remove password for a specific user. Root user can disable password for a specific user. Once the password is disabled, the user can login without entering the password.
passwd -d USERNAME
Following example creates a directory called temp under your home directory.
mkdir ~/temp
Create nested directories using one mkdir command. If any of these directories exist already, it will not display any error. If any of these directories doesn’t exist, it will create them.
mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/
Use ifconfig command to view or configure a network interface on the Linux system.
View all the interfaces along with status.
ifconfig -a
Start or stop a specific interface using up and down command as shown below.
ifconfig eth0 up
ifconfig eth0 down
Uname command displays important information about the system such as — Kernel name, Host name, Kernel release number, Processor type, etc.,
Sample uname output from a Ubuntu laptop is shown below.
uname -a Linux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux
When you want to find out where a specific Unix command exists (for example, where does ls command exists?), you can execute the following command.
whereis ls ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz
When you want to search an executable from a path other than the whereis default path, you can use -B option and give path as argument to it. This searches for the executable lsmk in the /tmp directory, and displays it, if it is available.
whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmk lsmk: /tmp/lsmk
Whatis command displays a single line description about a command.
whatis ls ls (1) - list directory contents
whatis ifconfig ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface
Using locate command you can quickly search for the location of a specific file (or group of files). Locate command uses the database created by updatedb.
The example below shows all files in the system that contains the word crontab in it.
locate crontab /etc/anacrontab /etc/crontab /usr/bin/crontab /usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz /usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim
Display the man page of a specific command.
man crontab
When a man page for a command is located under more than one section, you can view the man page for that command from a specific section as shown below.
man SECTION-NUMBER commandname
Following 8 sections are available in the man page.
For example, when you do whatis crontab, you’ll notice that crontab has two man pages (section 1 and section 5). To view section 5 of crontab man page, do the following.
whatis crontab crontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users (V3) crontab (5) - tables for driving cron man 5 crontab
Print the last 10 lines of a file by default.
tail filename.txt
Print N number of lines from the file named filename.txt
tail -n N filename.txt
View the content of the file in real time using tail -f. This is useful to view the log files, that keeps growing. The command can be terminated using CTRL-C.
tail -f log-file
less is very efficient while viewing huge log files, as it doesn’t need to load the full file while opening.
less huge-log-file.log
One you open a file using less command, following two keys are very helpful.
CTRL+F – forward one window CTRL+B – backward one window
Switch to a different user account using su command. Super user can switch to any other user without entering their password.
su - USERNAME
Execute a single command from a different account name. In the following example, john can execute the ls command as raj username. Once the command is executed, it will come back to john’s account.
su - raj -c ‘ls’
Login to a specified user account, and execute the specified shell instead of the default shell.
su -s ‘SHELLNAME’ USERNAME
mysql is probably the most widely used open source database on Linux. Even if you don’t run a mysql database on your server, you might end-up using the mysql command ( client ) to connect to a mysql database running on the remote server.
To connect to a remote mysql database. This will prompt for a password.
mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.1.2
To connect to a local mysql database.
mysql -u root -p
If you want to specify the mysql root password in the command line itself, enter it immediately after -p (without any space).
To install apache using yum.
yum install httpd
To upgrade apache using yum.
yum update httpd
To uninstall/remove apache using yum.
yum remove httpd
To install apache using rpm.
rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To upgrade apache using rpm.
rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.
rpm -ev httpd
Ping a remote host by sending only 5 packets.
ping -c 5 gmail.com
Set the system date:
date -s “01/31/2010 23:59:53”
Once you’ve changed the system date, you should syncronize the hardware clock with the system date as shown below.
hwclock –systohc hwclock –systohc –utc
The quick and effective method to download software, music, video from internet is using wget command.
wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz
Download and store it with a different name.
wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701
“pwd is Print working directory. What else can be said about the good old pwd who has been printing the current directory name for ages.”
Can be said that pwd -P shows the real path if you cd into a link..
cd /home/user ln -s ./Public ./Pub cd Pub pwd /home/user/Pub pwd -P /home/nnsense/Public
#!/bin/sh
cp file.txt temp.txt n=`cat file.txt | wc -l` while [ $n -ge 0 ]
do
tail -1 temp.txt » result.txt sed -i ‘$ d’ temp.txt n=`expr $n – 1`
done
rm -f temp.txt cat result.txt
Here is a “safe” alternative to
sed ‘s/.$//’ filename
which will only remove \r\n at the end of lines (as “.” matches *any* character.):
perl -pe ‘s/\r\n$/\n/g’ filename
Replaces all instances of \r\n with \n
How about cpio? Particularly the
find ./ | cpio combo
ie:
find ./ -mount -depth -print | cpio -pdm /destination_dir